Put simply, forest fires make it all the more important to reduce emissions.
As Canadians are all too aware, the return of spring and summer also marks the return of wildfire season. This summer has already seen devastating wildfires impact people in communities across the country, including the Prairie provinces, British Columbia, eastern Ontario, and the territories. Smoke from these fires has affected air quality in many cities in Canada and the U.S. midwest and northeast regions. Officials have warned that this year’s season is on track to the second worst on record, in terms of areas burned.
Wildfires are both a symptom and an accelerant of climate change. A symptom, because while no single wildfire is exactly caused by climate change, they are made likelier and more intense by the increasingly dry and hot conditions of Canada’s changing climate. And wildfires accelerate climate change too, as they are massive sources of carbon emissions.
Because accounting for those emissions can be complex, this Insight takes a deeper dive into how Canada counts wildfire emissions and what that means for the country’s climate progress.
Canada’s wildfire emissions are highly variable, with a massive spike in 2023
Every year, Canada’s National Inventory Report on greenhouse gas emissions contains an entry for the carbon dioxide released by wildfires. These emissions are tracked but not counted towards Canada’s official emissions tally—more on that in a moment.
As Figure 1 shows, the numbers fluctuate significantly, but they can be enormous.
Canada’s 2023 wildfires are the most pointed example. According to the latest National Inventory Report, they released nearly 1 gigatonne—or one billion tonnes—of carbon dioxide from Canada’s forests. That’s a staggering sum that far exceeded the total emissions from all other sources in Canada in 2023. If Canada’s forest wildfires were a country, they would have been the world’s eighth-largest emitter that year.
Figure 1
Canada estimates wildfire emissions, but only from managed forests
The emissions data for Canada’s 2023 forest fires are all the more sobering considering that they are incomplete. They are not wrong, but they are not designed to count everything.
There are two main categories of wildfire emissions that Canada does not count.
First, Canada’s estimates of wildfire emissions only reflect the impact on forests. There are fires on other landscapes like prairies or wetlands, but the inventory does not currently estimate them. Some of these landscapes, like peatlands, are recognized as particularly important stocks of carbon. Fires are likely releasing carbon from some of these lands, but they are not currently tracked in the country’s inventory
The second category of uncounted emissions is more abstract. These are emissions from what are called unmanaged lands. The reason that they go uncounted has to do with the international accounting rules that apply to emissions from forests and other landscapes. These emissions fall into a category known as land use, land-use change, and forestry emissions, or LULUCF. Countries are only required to report LULUCF emissions from managed lands, meaning areas subject to direct human intervention through agriculture or parks (or fire suppression).
Every country has some flexibility to decide what counts as managed land, and in Canada more than 30 per cent of forest lands are considered unmanaged. There is currently no official way to measure the carbon stored or released on this territory.
All of this means that there are additional wildfire emissions in Canada that are not being officially estimated. And there is a case for tracking emissions from other gases, other landscapes, and unmanaged forests. Doing so would be useful for understanding the impacts of fires on Canada’s natural landscapes, and those emissions on the atmosphere.
But even if Canada was estimating these emissions, none of them would show up on the country’s balance sheet.
There are reasons wildfire emissions are not counted toward national emissions
Canada’s official report on greenhouse gases dutifully records LULUCF emissions, but excludes them from the country’s total emissions. Canada is not alone: that is what the international guidelines for these inventories prescribes.
Part of the rationale for excluding LULUCF emissions is that they are often due to causes that are largely out of direct human control, such as forest fires and insect outbreaks. LULUCF emissions are also more uncertain to estimate than emissions from other sources like vehicles or industry. On top of that, these emissions are so variable that they could obscure other trends in the inventory over which countries have more direct control.
This arrangement for reporting emissions may seem strange, given emissions from forest fires will amp up the severity of global warming, but it’s founded on a logic rooted in clarity and responsibility. The global emissions accounting system is intended to focus countries on the emissions that can be most accurately estimated and most easily controlled by national action. (There are also critiques of how Canada accounts for the emissions it does estimate, but the estimates themselves are generally considered reasonable).
Big forest fires make it more, not less important to reduce emissions
What does all this mean for Canada’s climate progress?
It’s obvious that wildfires are a significant problem for Canadians as well as for the climate. And just as rising temperatures make the fires worse, so too do the fires worsen climate change.
Adaptation measures, including forest management programs to reduce the spread of wildfires and policy changes that reduce the risk to communities, are clearly necessary.
But adaptation alone still leaves the larger problem of the emissions from fires that will burn anyways. If those emissions cannot easily be addressed, what is to be done? The scale of the threat leaves only one good option: for societies to reduce the emissions that they can control.
It is precisely because some emissions cannot be easily avoided that we must tackle the emissions we can reduce. Climate mitigation cannot stop all wildfires, but it can slow their advance, and put limits on a problem that—if left unchecked—would not stop growing. Every gram of carbon that can be kept out of the atmosphere compensates for every gram that is emitted. Every ounce of mitigation mitigates.
The message of Canada’s wildfires is not that there is little meaning to our efforts. It is that those efforts are more necessary than ever.
This Insight was modified on 30 June 2025. While the original publication said that Canada only estimates carbon dioxide emissions from wildfires, the country also estimates methane and nitrous oxide emissions from these events.
Ross Linden-Fraser is a Research Lead at the Canadian Climate Institute.